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(Redirected from Priyanka Chopra Jonas)
Chopra at the 2018 Global Education and Skills Forum | |
Born | 18 July 1982 (age 36) |
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Other names | Priyanka Chopra Jonas[1] |
Citizenship | Indian |
Occupation |
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Years active | 2000–present |
Full list | |
Title | Miss World 2000 |
Spouse(s) | Nick Jonas (m. 2018) |
Relatives | See Chopra family[2] |
Awards | Full list |
Honours | |
Website | iampriyankachopra.com |
Signature |
Priyanka Chopra Jonas (pronounced [priˈjʌŋkaː ˈtʃoːpɽaː];[3] born 18 July 1982) is an Indian actress, singer, film producer, and the winner of the Miss World 2000 pageant. One of India's highest-paid and most popular celebrities, Chopra has received numerous awards, including a National Film Award and five Filmfare Awards. In 2016, the Government of India honoured her with the Padma Shri, and Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2017 and 2018, Forbes listed her among the World's 100 Most Powerful Women.
Although Chopra initially aspired to study aeronautical engineering, she accepted offers to join the Indian film industry, which came as a result of her pageant wins, making her Bollywood debut in The Hero: Love Story of a Spy (2003). She played the leading lady in the box-office hits Andaaz (2003) and Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004) and received critical acclaim for her breakout role in the 2004 thriller Aitraaz. In 2006, Chopra established herself as a leading actress of Indian cinema with starring roles in the top-grossing productions Krrish and Don. Following a brief setback, she was praised for playing a troubled model in the drama Fashion (2008), which won her the National Film Award for Best Actress. Chopra gained wider recognition for portraying a range of characters in the films Kaminey (2009), 7 Khoon Maaf (2011), Barfi! (2012), Mary Kom (2014), and Bajirao Mastani (2015), and featured in the commercially successful sequels Don 2 (2011) and Krrish 3 (2013). From 2015 to 2018, she starred as Alex Parrish in the ABC thriller series Quantico, becoming the first South Asian to headline an American network drama series. Chopra has since played supporting roles in the Hollywood comedies Baywatch (2017) and Isn't It Romantic (2019).
As a philanthropist, Chopra has worked with UNICEF since 2006 and was appointed as the national and global UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for Child Rights in 2010 and 2016, respectively. She promotes social causes such as environment, health and education, and women's rights, and is vocal about gender equality and feminism. As a recording artist, she has released three singles. She is also the founder of the production company Purple Pebble Pictures, which released the acclaimed Marathi comedy-drama Ventilator (2016). Despite maintaining privacy, Chopra's off-screen life is the subject of substantial media coverage. She is married to the American singer and actor Nick Jonas.
- 2Acting career
- 5Other work
Early life
Priyanka Chopra was born on 18 July 1982 in Jamshedpur, Bihar (now in Jharkhand), to Ashok and Madhu Chopra, both physicians in the Indian Army.[4][5] Her father was a Punjabi Hindu from Ambala.[6][7] Her mother, from Jharkhand, is the eldest daughter of Madhu Jyotsna Akhouri, a former member of Bihar Legislative Assembly, and Dr. Manohar Kishan Akhouri, a former Congress veteran.[8][9] Her late maternal grandmother was a practicing Jacobite Syrian Christian originally named Mary John,[10] belonging to the Kavalappara family of Kumarakom, Kottayam district, Kerala before her marriage.[11][12][13][14][15][16] Chopra has a brother, Siddharth, who is seven years her junior[17] and actresses Parineeti Chopra, Meera Chopra and Mannara Chopra are her cousins.[18] Due to her parents' occupations the family relocated to a number of places in India, including Delhi, Chandigarh, Ambala, Ladakh, Lucknow, Bareilly, and Pune.[19] Among the schools she attended were La Martiniere Girls' School in Lucknow[20] and St. Maria Goretti College in Bareilly.[21][22] In an interview published in Daily News and Analysis, Chopra said that she did not mind travelling regularly and changing schools; she welcomed it as a new experience and a way to discover India's multicultural society.[23] Among the many places that she lived, Chopra has fond memories as a child of playing in the valleys of Leh, in the cold northwestern Indian desert region of Jammu and Kashmir. She has said, 'I think I was in Class 4 when I was in Leh. My brother was just born. My dad was in the army and was posted there. I stayed in Leh for a year and my memories of that place are tremendous ... We were all army kids there. We weren't living in houses, we were in bunkers in the valley and there was a stupa right on top of a hill which used to overlook our valley. We used to race up to the top of the stupa'.[24] She now considers Bareilly her home town, and maintains strong connections there.[25]
Chopra with her parents and brother in 2012
At the age of thirteen, Chopra moved to the United States to study, living with her aunt, and attending schools in Newton, Massachusetts, and Cedar Rapids, Iowa, after a stop in Queens, New York, as her aunt's family also moved frequently.[26][27] While in Massachusetts, she participated in several theatre productions and studied Western classical music, choral singing and Kathak dance.[28] During her teenage years in the United States, Chopra sometimes faced racial issues and was bullied for being Indian by an African-American classmate.[29][30] She has said, 'I was a gawky kid, had low self-esteem, came from a modest middle-class background, had white marks on my legs ... But I was damn hard working. Today, my legs sell 12 brands.'[30]
After three years, Chopra returned to India, finishing the senior year[26][27] of her high-school education at the Army Public School in Bareilly.[31][32] During this period, she won the local 'May Queen' beauty pageant,[33] after which she was pursued by admirers, leading her family to equip their home with bars for her protection.[27] Her mother then entered her in the Femina Miss India contest of 2000;[34] she finished second,[a] winning the Femina Miss India World title.[37] Chopra then went on to the Miss World pageant, where she was crowned Miss World 2000 and Miss World Continental Queen of Beauty—Asia & Oceania at the Millennium Dome in London on 30 November 2000.[35][38][39] Chopra was the fifth Indian contestant to win Miss World, and the fourth to do so in seven years.[35][40] She had enrolled in college, but left after winning the Miss World pageant.[22][33] Chopra said that the Miss India and Miss World titles brought her recognition, and she then began receiving offers for film roles.[28][41]
Acting career
Career beginnings and breakthrough (2002–2004)
Chopra at a celebration party of Andaaz in 2003
After winning Miss India World, Chopra was cast as the female lead in Abbas-Mustan's romantic thriller Humraaz (2002), in which she was to make her film debut.[41] However, this fell through for various reasons: she stated the production conflicted with her schedule, while the producers said they re-cast because Chopra took on various other commitments.[42][43] Her screen debut occurred in the 2002 Tamil film Thamizhan as the love interest of the protagonist, played by Vijay. A review published in The Hindu was appreciative of the film for its wit and dialogue, however it felt that Chopra's role was limited from an acting viewpoint.[44]
In 2003, Chopra made her Bollywood film debut as the second female lead opposite Sunny Deol and Preity Zinta in Anil Sharma's The Hero: Love Story of a Spy.[5] Set against the backdrop of the Indian Army in Kashmir, the film tells the story of an agent and his fight against terrorism. The Hero was one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films that year, but received mixed reviews from critics.[45][46]Derek Elley from Variety said that 'mega-looker Chopra makes a solid screen debut.'[47] Later that year she appeared in Raj Kanwar's box-office success Andaaz with Akshay Kumar, again sharing the female lead (this time with the debuting Lara Dutta).[45] Chopra played a vivacious young girl who falls in love with Kumar's character. The Hindustan Times noted the glamour that she brought to the role;[5] Kunal Shah of Sify praised her performance and stated she had 'all the qualities to be a star.'[48] Her performance earned her the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut (along with Dutta) and a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.[49]
Chopra's first three releases in 2004--Plan, Kismat, and Asambhav—performed poorly at the box office.[50] Chopra was typically cast during this earlier period as a 'glamour quotient', in roles that were considered 'forgettable' by film critic Joginder Tuteja.[50][51] Later that year she starred with Salman Khan and Akshay Kumar in David Dhawan's romantic comedy Mujhse Shaadi Karogi, which became the third-highest-grossing film of the year in India and emerged as a commercial success.[52]
In late 2004, she starred opposite Kumar and Kareena Kapoor in Abbas-Mustan's thriller Aitraaz. Chopra considers her first role as an antagonist, portraying Soniya Roy, an ambitious woman who accuses her employee of sexual harassment, as the 'biggest learning experience of her career.'[32] The film was a critical and commercial success, and Chopra's performance received critical acclaim.[51][53] Author Rini Bhattacharya credited her with bringing back the seductress to the silver screen.[54][55] The Hindustan Times cited it as the film that changed her career significantly.[5] A reviewer writing for the BBC said, 'Aitraaz is Priyanka Chopra's film. As the deliciously wicked, gold digging, scheming seductress, she chews up every scene she is in with her magnetic screen presence.'[56] She won a Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role, becoming the second and final actress to win the award after Kajol (the category was discontinued in 2008).[5] Chopra also received a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress, and the Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.[49]
Rise to prominence (2005–2006)
In 2005, Chopra appeared in six films. Her first two releases--Blackmail, and Karam—were commercially unsuccessful.[57] Shilpa Bharatan-Iyer of Rediff.com considered Blackmail to be a very predictable film and believed that her role as a police commissioner's wife was very limited from an acting point of view.[58] Her performance in Karam was better received, Subhash K. Jha wrote that Chopra 'with her poised interpretation of high drama, flies high creating a character whose vulnerability and beauty are endorsed by both the inner and outer worlds created for her character.'[59] Later that year Chopra played the wife of Akshay Kumar in Vipul Amrutlal Shah's family drama Waqt: The Race Against Time, the story of a small businessman (played by Amitabh Bachchan) who, hiding his illness, wants to teach his irresponsible son some lessons before he dies. During production, Chopra revisited Leh, a favourite childhood haunt, for the shooting of the song 'Subah Hogi'.[24] She suffered an accident during the filming for the song 'Do Me A Favour Let's Play Holi' when she electrocuted herself, spending a day recovering in hospital.[60] The film was well received by critics, and was a commercial success.[57][61]
Chopra with co-star Shah Rukh Khan at the premiere of Don (2006)
She next starred opposite Arjun Rampal in the romantic mystery thriller Yakeen, portraying the role of a possessive lover. Critical reaction towards the film was mixed, but her performance received praise. Taran Adarsh wrote that Chopra 'is bound to win laurels yet again [...] the actor is emerging as one of the finest talents in these fast-changing times'.[62] Her next release was Suneel Darshan's romance Barsaat, co-starring Bobby Deol and Bipasha Basu. The film was a critical and commercial failure in India but fared better in the overseas market.[57][63] Chopra's performance received mixed reviews, with Bollywood Hungama describing it as 'mechanical'.[64] However, Rediff.com considered Chopra to be an 'epitome of calm intelligence, who underplayed her role to perfection'.[65] Later that year, Rohan Sippy cast her with Abhishek Bachchan, Ritesh Deshmukh and Nana Patekar in the comedy Bluffmaster! Chopra played independent working woman Simran Saxena, Bachchan's love interest. The film proved to be a box-office success.[57]
After starting 2006 with special appearances in three films, Chopra starred in Rakesh Roshan's superhero film Krrish (a sequel to the 2003 science-fiction film Koi... Mil Gaya). Co-starring with Hrithik Roshan, Rekha and Naseeruddin Shah, Chopra played a young television journalist who schemes to take advantage of an innocent young man with remarkable physical abilities, but eventually falls in love with him. The film was the second-highest-grossing film of the year in India and grossed over ₹1.17 billion (US$17 million) worldwide attaining a blockbuster status.[66] Her next film was Dharmesh Darshan's romantic comedy Aap Ki Khatir, co-starring Akshaye Khanna, Ameesha Patel and Dino Morea. Neither the film nor Chopra's performance were well received.[67] Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com stated that Chopra's portrayal of Anu was 'erratically sketched' and that her character was never consistent: 'first flaky, then cool, and later, sensitive'.[68]
Chopra's final release of 2006 was Farhan Akhtar's action-thriller Don (a remake of the 1978 film of the same name), with Shah Rukh Khan. Chopra portrayed Roma (played by Zeenat Aman in the original film), who joins the underworld to avenge Don for killing her brother. Chopra received martial-arts training for her role in the movie, and performed her own stunts.[69] The film was declared a box-office success in India and overseas, with revenues of ₹1.05 billion (US$15 million).[52] Raja Sen of Rediff.com found Chopra to be film's 'big surprise'; he believed that Chopra convincingly portrayed Roma, 'looking every bit the competent woman of action' and wrote 'This is an actress willing to push herself, and has definite potential for screen magic. Not to mention a great smile.'[70]
Setbacks and resurgence (2007–2008)
In 2007, Chopra had two leading roles. Her first film was Nikhil Advani's Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love, a romantic comedy in six chapters with an ensemble cast. She was featured opposite Salman Khan in the first chapter as Kamini, an item girl and aspiring actress who tries to land the lead role in a Karan Johar film with a publicity gimmick.[71] Film critic Sukanya Verma praised her flair for comedy, especially her impressions of Meena Kumari, Nargis and Madhubala.[72] Both Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love and her next film, Big Brother, proved unsuccessful at the domestic box office.[67]
Chopra at the special DostanaFilmfare magazine cover launch in November 2008
In 2008, Chopra starred opposite Harman Baweja in his father'sLove Story 2050. Chopra played a double role, so she coloured her hair twice; once red to portray the girl from the future and then black for the girl of the past.[73] Her performance was poorly received; Rajeev Masand was unimpressed with Chopra's chemistry with her co-star, remarking that her character 'fails to inspire either affection or sympathy'.[74] She next appeared in the comedy God Tussi Great Ho, portraying a TV anchor opposite Salman Khan, Sohail Khan and Amitabh Bachchan.[75][76] Chopra next starred as a kindergarten teacher in Chamku opposite Bobby Deol and Irrfan Khan, and played the role of Sonia in Goldie Behl's fantasy superhero film Drona opposite Abhishek Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan. Drona, widely criticised for its extensive use of special effects, marked Chopra's sixth film in succession which had failed at both the box-office and critically, although Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com stated that Chopra displayed convincing action heroine skills.[67][77] Critics generally perceived at this time that her career was over.[67]
The string of poorly received films ended when Chopra starred in Madhur Bhandarkar's Fashion, a drama about the Indian fashion industry which followed the lives and careers of several fashion models. She portrayed the ambitious supermodel Meghna Mathur, a role which she initially thought was out of her depth, but after six months' consideration she accepted the role, inspired by Bhandarkar's confidence in her.[78] For the role, Chopra had to gain 6 kilograms (13 lb) and steadily shed the weight during the production as the character progressed in the film. Both the film and her performance received critical acclaim, becoming a major turning point in her career.[51] Rajeev Masand wrote, 'Priyanka Chopra turns in a respectable performance, one that will inevitably go down as her best.'[79] For her performance, she won several awards, including the National Film Award for Best Actress, the Filmfare Award for Best Actress, the IIFA Award for Best Actress, the Screen Award for Best Actress, and the Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.[49][80][81] With a worldwide revenue of ₹600 million (US$9 million), Fashion emerged as a commercial success, and was listed by Subhash K. Jha as one of the best films of the decade with women protagonists.[82][83] It was noted for being commercially successful despite being a women-centric film with no male lead.[84] She said in retrospect, 'I think actually Fashion kick started ... the process of female dominated films. Today you have so many other films which have done well with female leads.'[32]
Chopra's final film of the year was Tarun Mansukhani's romantic comedy Dostana, with Abhishek Bachchan and John Abraham. Set in Miami, the film tells the story of a friendship between her character and two men who pretend to be gay to share an apartment with her. Chopra played a stylish young fashion-magazine editor Neha, who is trying to deal with professional pressures in her life. Produced by Dharma Productions, the film was a financial success with worldwide revenues of over ₹860 million (US$12 million).[52] Chopra's performance and look in the film were praised.[85][86]
Experiment with unconventional roles (2009–2011)
In 2009, Chopra played a feisty Marathi woman named Sweety in Vishal Bhardwaj's caper thriller Kaminey (co-starring Shahid Kapoor), about twin brothers and the journey in their life linked with the underworld. The film received critical acclaim and became successful at the box-office with the worldwide gross earnings of ₹710 million (US$10 million).[52][85]Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India thought that Chopra's role completely reinvented her, and Rajeev Masand wrote: 'Springing a delightful surprise in a smaller part is [Chopra], who sprinkles her lines with a smattering of fluent Marathi and emerges one of the film's most lovable characters.'[87][88] Raja Sen of Rediff.com named Chopra's performance as the best by an actress that year.[89] Her role earned her several awards and nominations, including a second consecutive Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role after Fashion and Best Actress nominations at the Filmfare, Screen and IIFA awards.[90][91]
Chopra at the audio release of 7 Khoon Maaf (2011)
Chopra subsequently appeared in Ashutosh Gowariker's romantic comedy What's Your Raashee?, based on the novel Kimball Ravenswood by Madhu Rye. The film depicts the story of a US-based Gujrati NRI in search of his soulmate among 12 girls (all played by Chopra) associated with the 12 zodiac signs. She received the Screen Best Actress Award nomination for her performance in the film.[92] She was also considered for inclusion in the Guinness World Records book for being the first film actress to portray 12 distinct characters in one film.[93] Chopra's heavy workload—filming for several productions, travelling for endorsements and performing at live shows (including the Miss India pageant)—took its toll; she fainted during filming, and was admitted to hospital.[94]
In 2010, Chopra starred with Uday Chopra in Jugal Hansraj's unremarkable romantic comedy Pyaar Impossible! as Alisha, a beautiful college girl (and later a working mother) who falls in love with a nerdy boy. Later that year, she co-starred with Ranbir Kapoor in Siddharth Anand's romantic comedy Anjaana Anjaani. The film, set in New York and Las Vegas, follows the story of two strangers, both trying to commit suicide, who eventually fall in love with each other. The film was a moderate commercial success, and received mixed reviews from critics.[95][96][97]
She starred as a femme fatale in her first film of 2011, Vishal Bhardwaj's black comedy 7 Khoon Maaf. Based on the short story 'Susanna's Seven Husbands' by Ruskin Bond, 7 Khoon Maaf centers on Susanna Anna-Marie Johannes, an Anglo-Indian woman (played by Chopra) who murders her seven husbands in an unending quest for love. The film and her performance received acclaim from critics. Nikhat Kazmi remarked, '7 Khoon Maaf would undoubtedly end up as a milestone in Priyanka Chopra's career graph. The actor displays exquisite command over a complex character that is definitely a first in Indian cinema.'[98] Aniruddha Guha of Daily News and Analysis wrote: 'Priyanka Chopra takes on a character that most of her contemporaries would shy away from and enacts it in a way that only she possibly can. For a woman with as many shades as Susanna, Chopra gets a crack at the role of a lifetime and she sparkles like never before.'[99] Chopra's performance earned her the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress and a nomination for the Filmfare Award, IIFA Award, Producers Guild Film Award, and Screen Award for Best Actress.[100]
Chopra's final release of the year saw her reprising her role as Roma in the second installment of the Don franchise, Don 2. Although the film received mixed reviews,[101] Chopra's performance earned positive feedback from critics. According to The Express Tribune, 'Chopra ... seems to be the perfect choice for an action heroine. As you watch her effortlessly beat up some thugs in the movie, you come to the realisation that she may be the first proper female action hero in Bollywood.'[102]Don 2 was a major success in India and overseas, earning over ₹2.06 billion (US$30 million) worldwide.[103][104]
Recognition for Barfi! and Mary Kom (2012–2014)
Chopra's first film of 2012 was Karan Malhotra's action drama Agneepath, in which she starred with Hrithik Roshan, Sanjay Dutt and Rishi Kapoor. Produced by Karan Johar, the film is a remake of his father's 1990 production of the same name. In one of several accidents to happen during production, Chopra's lehenga (a traditional skirt) caught fire while filming a sequence for an elaborate Ganpati festival song.[105] She featured as Kaali Gawde, Roshan's loquacious love interest in the film. Mayank Shekhar noted how much Chopra stood out in the male-dominated film.[106]Agneepath broke Bollywood's highest opening-day earnings record, and had a worldwide gross of ₹1.93 billion (US$28 million).[103][107] Chopra next co-starred with Shahid Kapoor in Kunal Kohli's romance, Teri Meri Kahaani. The film relates the stories of three unconnected couples (each played by Kapoor and Chopra), born in different eras..[108]
Chopra at a promotional event for Barfi! in 2012
Anurag Basu's Barfi!, with Ranbir Kapoor and Ileana D'Cruz, was her final appearance of 2012. Set in the 1970s, the film tells the story of three people, two of whom are physically disabled. Chopra played Jhilmil Chatterjee, an autistic woman who falls in love with a deaf, mute man (Kapoor). Rituparno Ghosh, an acclaimed director, considered it a 'very, very brave' role to accept given how demanding it is for an actor to convincingly portray a woman with autism.[109] To prepare for the role, Chopra visited several mental institutions and spent time with autistic people.[110] The film received critical acclaim[109][111] and was a major commercial success, earning ₹1.75 billion (US$25 million) worldwide.[112] Rachit Gupta of Filmfare found Chopra to be the film's 'surprise package' and found her performance to be 'the best representation of [autism] on Indian celluloid'.[113]Pratim D. Gupta of The Telegraph noted that Kapoor and Chopra turn in two of the finest performances seen on the Indian screen, although he found her to be a 'tad showy' in her part.[114] Chopra received Best Actress nominations at the Filmfare, Screen, IIFA and Producers Guild Film Awards.[100] The film was chosen as India's entry for the 85th Academy Awards.[115]Don 2, Agneepath and Barfi! ranked among the highest grossing Bollywood films of all time up until then.[103]
In 2013, she lent her voice to the character of Ishani, the reigning Pan-Asian champion from India and the love interest of the main protagonist in the Disney Animation Studios's film Planes, a spinoff of Pixar's Cars franchise. Chopra, a fan of Disney films, had fun voicing the character saying 'The closest I could come to being a Disney princess, I think, was Ishani'.[116] The film was a commercial success, grossing approximately US$240 million worldwide.[117] She played an NRI girl in the Apoorva Lakhia's bilingual action drama Zanjeer (Thoofan in Telugu), a remake of the 1973 Hindi film of the same name, which met with poor reactions from critics and was unsuccessful at the box office.[118][119] Chopra next reprised her role of Priya in Rakesh Roshan's Krrish 3—a sequel to the 2006 superhero film Krrish—with Hrithik Roshan, Vivek Oberoi and Kangana Ranaut. Critics opined that Chopra's role in the film was small, with Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV writing that she 'is saddled with a sketchily written role and is reduced to the status of a hanger-on waiting for things to unfold'.[120] The feature became a box office success, earning over ₹3 billion (US$43 million) worldwide, to become Chopra's biggest commercial success to that point and her fourth major hit in the last two years.[121][122] She also appeared in an item number titled 'Ram Chahe Leela' for Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela. The song, which took four days to rehearse, saw Chopra execute a contemporary mujra, that incorporated complicated dance steps.[123]
In 2014, Chopra played the lead female role in Yash Raj Films's romantic action drama Gunday directed by Ali Abbas Zafar, alongside Ranveer Singh, Arjun Kapoor and Irrfan Khan. She portrayed Nandita, a cabaret dancer in Calcutta. Set in the 1970s, the film tells the story of two best friends who fall in love with Nandita. Gunday proved to be a box-office success, grossing over ₹1 billion (US$14 million) worldwide.[124] Chopra next starred as the title character in Mary Kom, a biographical film of the five time world boxing champion and Olympic bronze medalist Mary Kom.[125] To prepare for the role, she spent time with Kom and received four months of boxing training.[126] The film premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, received positive reviews from critics, and her performance received critical acclaim.[127][128] Deborah Young of The Hollywood Reporter criticised the film's screenplay but praised Chopra's 'grit as an actress that she overcomes trashy set-ups like these and, punch after punch, fills the screen with real emotion'.[129]Namrata Joshi from Outlook opined that Chopra's sincere and earnest performance brings out Kom's 'determination as well as her vulnerabilities, and insecurities', [130]Mary Kom emerged as a commercial success, with revenues of ₹1.04 billion (US$15 million) at the box office.[131] Chopra won the Screen Award for Best Actress, the Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, and received another nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress.[132][133]
Expansion into American film and television (2015–present)
In 2015, Chopra starred in Zoya Akhtar's Dil Dhadakne Do, an ensemble comedy-drama alongside Anil Kapoor, Shefali Shah, Ranveer Singh, Anushka Sharma and Farhan Akhtar. The film tells the story of a dysfunctional Punjabi family (the Mehras), who invite their family and friends on a cruise trip to celebrate the parents' 30th wedding anniversary. She portrayed the role of Ayesha Mehra, a successful entrepreneur and the eldest child. Pratim D. Gupta from The Telegraph wrote of Chopra, 'From the propah body language to the measured speech [...] shows the kind of depth she is able to bring to her lines and characters these days.[134] Conversely, Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express commented that it was time for her 'to being a little messy: all these not-a-hair-out-place roles are making her constrained.'[135] The cast of Dil Dhadakne Do won the Screen Award for Best Ensemble Cast, and Chopra was nominated for a Screen Award, IIFA Award, and Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress.[136][137]
Chopra at a promotional event for Dil Dhadakne Do in 2015
Chopra signed a talent holding deal with ABC Studios and was later cast in the American thriller series Quantico as the character Alex Parrish.[138][139][140] The series premiered on 27 September 2015 on ABC, making Chopra the first South Asian to headline an American network drama series.[141] The series received positive reviews from television critics and Chopra was praised for her performance.[142][143]James Poniewozik of The New York Times described Chopra as the 'strongest human asset' of the show, and added that 'she is immediately charismatic and commanding.'[144] She received the People's Choice Award for Favourite Actress In A New TV Series for her role in Quantico, becoming the first South Asian actress to win a People's Choice Award.[145] The following year, Chopra won a second People's Choice Award for Favorite Dramatic TV Actress.[146]Quantico was cancelled after three seasons in 2018.[147]
Chopra next portrayed Kashibai, the first wife of the Maratha general PeshwaBajirao I, in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's epic historical romance drama Bajirao Mastani. The feature opened to positive reviews, and Chopra received praise for her portrayal which several reviewers regarded as her best performance to date.[148] Rajeev Masand wrote 'the film benefits from a nice touch of playfulness and humor in Priyanka Chopra's Kashibai. Chopra brings grace to the character, and practically steals the film.'[149] Film critic Raja Sen thought that Chopra, despite not being in the title role, owned the film, and wrote 'Chopra's terrific in the part, her intelligently expressive eyes speaking volumes and her no-nonsense Marathi rhythm bang-on.'[150] A major commercial success, Bajirao Mastani grossed ₹3.5 billion (US$51 million) at the box office, becoming one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time.[151] For her performance, she won the Filmfare Award, IIFA Award, and Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress, and received a nomination for the Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.[136][152][137]
In 2016, Chopra starred as a police officer in Prakash Jha's social drama Jai Gangaajal. Writing for The Hindu, Namrata Joshi thought that she 'looks off-colour, disinterested and uninvolved with the goings on through most of the film'.[153] It did not perform well commercially.[154] She next produced the Marathi comedy-drama Ventilator under her production company Purple Pebble Pictures, which went on to win three awards at the 64th National Film Awards.[155] The following year, Chopra made her Hollywood live-action film debut by playing the antagonist Victoria Leeds in Seth Gordon's action comedy Baywatch opposite Dwayne Johnson and Zac Efron. The feature received unfavorable reviews.[156] Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote 'Chopra has fun as the baddie, but she stays in the background until the end of the movie and really only gets one big scene at the end of the picture.'[157]Baywatch was not a commercial success in North America but the film performed better in the overseas markets.[158] The 2018 Sundance Film Festival marked the release of Chopra's next American film, A Kid Like Jake, a drama about gender variance, starring Jim Parsons and Claire Danes.[159] Amy Nicholson of Variety commended her 'charming presence' but thought that her role added little value to the film.[160] A year later, Chopra had another supporting part, as a yoga ambassador, in Todd Strauss-Schulson's comedy Isn't It Romantic, which starred Rebel Wilson in the lead role.[161]Dana Schwartz of Entertainment Weekly considered her to be 'perfectly cast' but Benjamin Lee of The Guardian thought that she was 'not quite interesting enough'.[162][163]
Upcoming projects
Chopra will next reunite with Farhan Akhtar to play the parents of Aisha Chaudhary, a teenage motivational speaker who died of pulmonary fibrosis, in Shonali Bose's biographical drama The Sky Is Pink.[164] Chopra has also committed to star alongside Mindy Kaling in a comedy about an Indian-American wedding, and will portray the lawyer Vanita Gupta in Gordan's courtroom drama Tulia, an adaptation of a non-fiction book Tulia: Race, Cocaine, and Corruption (2005) based on the 1999 racial injustice case that took place in the city of the same name.[165][166][167] She is also producing over a dozen regional films in various languages under her production company, and is developing a sitcom for ABC based on the life of Madhuri Dixit, for which she will serve as an executive producer.[168][169][170][171]
Music career
Chopra's main vocal influence was her father, who helped develop her interest in singing.[172][173] She used her vocal talent early in her pageantry career.[174] Her first recording, the song 'Ullathai Killathe' in the Tamil film Thamizhan (2002), was made at the urging of her director and co-star, Vijay (who had noticed her singing on the set).[175] She declined to sing playback for 'Tinka Tinka' in her film Karam (2005), preferring to concentrate on her acting career, but later sang the song live on the television programme Sa Re Ga Ma Pa.[176] Chopra recorded an unreleased song for Bluffmaster! (2005).[177] In August 2011, Universal Music Group signed Chopra to a worldwide recording agreement with DesiHits. The deal indicated that her first studio album would be released by Interscope Records in North America and by Island Records elsewhere.[178]
Chopra promoting 'In My City' at the Reliance Digital Store in Mumbai
In July 2012, Chopra became the first Bollywood star signed by Creative Artists Agency, an entertainment and sports agency based in Los Angeles.[179] Travelling to the United States to work on her album, Chopra collaborated with Sam Watters, Matthew Koma and Jay Sean. The album was produced by RedOne.[180][181] Her first single, 'In My City', debuted in the US on 13 September 2012 in a TV spot for the NFL Network's Thursday Night Football, 12 hours after the full song debuted in India;[182] a shortened version of the song was used to open each show of the season. 'In My City' features rapper will.i.am; according to Chopra, a co-writer,[181] the song was inspired by her unsettled childhood and her journey from a small-town girl to a celebrity.[19] The song received mixed reviews from critics, and was a commercial success in India; it sold more than 130,000 copies in its first week, topped the Hindi pop chart and was certified triple platinum.[181][183] In the United States the single was unsuccessful, with 5,000 digital downloads in its first week according to Nielsen SoundScan, and did not receive radio play.[181] In October 2012, the single won her the Best International Debut award at the People's Choice Awards India.[184] In December 2012, she received three nominations: Best Female Artist, Best Song and Best Video (for 'In My City') at the World Music Awards.[185] She also received the Trailblazer Award from the South Asian Media, Marketing and Entertainment Association for becoming the first Bollywood actor to win a major record deal in the U.S.[5] Chopra was also featured on 'Erase', an EDM song produced by the American DJ and producer duo The Chainsmokers.[186][187]
In July 2013, Chopra released her second single 'Exotic' featuring American rapper Pitbull, along with its music video.[188][189] 'Exotic' debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Songs and number 11 on the Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart in 27 July 2013 issue.[190] The single also entered at number 74 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart. 'Exotic' debuted at number 44 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart and peaked at number 12.[191] Her third single, a cover of Bonnie Raitt's 'I Can't Make You Love Me' was released in April 2014.[192] The song's accompanying video was released around the same time.[193] The song peaked at number 28 on the Billboard Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart.[194]
Chopra's first song as a playback singer in Bollywood was 'Chaoro', a lullaby from Mary Kom (2014).[195] In 2015, she sang the title song, a duet with Farhan Akhtar, for Dil Dhadakne Do.[196] She recorded a promotional song for Ventilator (2016), making her Marathi language playback singing debut with 'Baba'.[197] In 2017, Chopra collaborated with the Australian DJ Will Sparks for 'Young and Free', an EDM song which she also wrote.[198]
Philanthropy
Chopra supports various causes through her foundation 'The Priyanka Chopra Foundation for Health and Education', which works towards providing support to unprivileged children across the country in the areas of Education and Health.[199] She donates ten percent of her earnings to fund the foundation's operations, and pays for educational and medical expenses for seventy children in India, fifty among whom are girls.[200] She often speaks out on women's issues: against female infanticide and foeticide, and in support of education for girls.[201] A believer in feminism, Chopra has always been vocal about women's rights, gender equality, and gender pay inequality.[202][203][204] In 2006, a 'day with Chopra' was auctioned on eBay; the proceeds were donated to an NGO, Nanhi Kali, which helps educate girls in India.[205] She has made appearances in support of other charities, such as the 2005 HELP! Telethon Concert to raise funds for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.[206]
She has worked with UNICEF since 2006, recording public-service announcements and participating in media panel discussions promoting children's rights and the education of girls, and also participated in celebrating the 20th anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.[207] She was appointed as the national UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for Child Rights on 10 August 2010.[208][209] UNICEF Representative Karin Hulshof said of the appointment: 'She is equally passionate about her work on behalf of children and adolescents. We are proud of the work she has done with us so far on child rights, and, we are thrilled about all what we will be doing together so that no child gets left behind.'[210] In 2009, she shot a documentary for the organisation Alert India to increase understanding of leprosy.[211] She modelled for designer Manish Malhotra and Shaina NC's charity fashion show to raise funds for the Cancer Patients Aid Association (CPAA) NGO.[212] In 2010 Chopra was one of several celebrities who created promotional messages for Pearls Wave Trust, which campaigns against violence and abuse of women and girls.[213] Chopra also launched the 'Save the Girl Child' campaign, which aims to change the attitudes of Indians towards girls.[214] In 2012 Chopra spoke at the launch of Awakening Youth, an anti-addiction programme.[215]
Chopra on the ramp for Mijwan charity fashion show in 2012
Chopra is a supporter of environmental charities and is brand ambassador for NDTVGreenathon, an initiative to support eco-friendliness and provide solar power to rural villages without electricity supplies.[216] She appeared with children in an animated video to support the cause,[217] and removed rubbish from the banks of the Yamuna river in Agra to increase awareness of environmental issues.[218] During the third and fourth editions of Greenathon, She adopted up to seven villages to provide with a regular supply of electricity.[219][220] She adopted a tigress in 2011 and a lioness in 2012 at the Birsa biological park, paying for both animals upkeep for a year.[221] To promote organ donation, Chopra pledged to donate her own organs after death and was co-keynote speaker at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center's Bollywood-themed 20th-anniversary celebration of its liver-transplant programme in 2012.[222][223]
She donated ₹5 million (US$72,000) to Nanavati hospital to build a cancer ward. The ward, which is named after her late father, was inaugurated by her in 2013.[224] The same year, she provided voice-over in English and Hindi for the documentary film Girl Rising for the organisation of the same name.[225] She was invited as one of the speakers alongside Gordon Brown, Steve Wozniak, Bill Clinton, and Charlie Baker for the 50th anniversary of the World Leaders Conference at the Hynes Convention Center, Boston. She spoke about women empowerment through education, discussing inequality and the challenges of education for women, and received a standing ovation for her speech.[226][227] Chopra also lent her voice to a music video of John Lennon's 'Imagine'. The video featuring her along with other singers, including Katy Perry, and The Black Eyed Peas was created as part of a global campaign by UNICEF to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.[228]
Indian prime minister Narendra Modi selected Chopra as one of his nine nominees called 'Navratna' in 2014 for the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, a national cleanliness campaign by the Government of India.[229] She lent her support to the campaign by cleaning and rehabilitating a garbage-laden neighbourhood in Mumbai, and urged people to maintain the cleanliness.[230] In 2015, she voiced People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA's) life-size robotic elephant named 'Ellie', who visited schools across the United States and Europe to educate kids about elephants and captivity, and to urge people to boycott circuses.[231] Chopra was appointed as the global UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in December 2016.[232] In 2017, she received the Mother Teresa Memorial Award for Social Justice for her contribution towards social causes.[233]
Other work
Television presenting and stage performances
Chopra performing at the 2012 Indian Premier League
In 2007, Chopra was on the judges' panel of the Miss India pageant. She stated, 'Miss India will always remain special. That's where it all started for me. And maybe that's where it would've ended if I hadn't won the crown.'[234] She also served as a judge at Miss World 2009.[235][236] She visited Jawan troops in Tenga, in eastern India, for a special episode of the NDTV show Jai Jawan celebrating the 60th anniversary of India's independence.[237]
In 2010, she hosted the third season of the reality show Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi on the Colors channel, taking over from previous host Akshay Kumar.[238] According to contestants, in hosting the series, Chopra had 'transformed into quite a whip-wielding dictator', relentlessly pushing the contestants to work.[238] She performed most of her own stunts, adamant to prove that she could rival Akshay Kumar, who had hosted the previous two seasons.[238] The opening ratings of the show topped those of the two previous seasons.[239] The show was praised by critics, and earned her the Indian Telly Award for Most Impactful Debut on Television.[240][241] In February 2016, Chopra presented the award for Best Film Editing at the 88th Academy Awards.[242]
Chopra has participated in a number of world tours and concerts. She took part in a world concert tour, 'Temptations 2004', and performed with other Bollywood actors (including Shah Rukh Khan, Saif Ali Khan, Rani Mukerji, Preity Zinta and Arjun Rampal) in 19 stage shows.[243] In 2011, she participated (with Shahid Kapoor and Shah Rukh Khan) in a concert in Durban, South Africa celebrating 150 years of India–South Africa friendship.[244] In 2012, she performed at M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai in the opening ceremony of the fifth season of cricket's Indian Premier League with Amitabh Bachchan, Salman Khan, Kareena Kapoor and Katy Perry.[245] The same year, she performed at Dubai Festival City's Ahlan Bollywood Concert with other Bollywood stars such as Salman Khan and Sophie Choudry.[246]
Writing
Chopra began writing an opinion column, 'The Priyanka Chopra Column', for the Hindustan Times in 2009. She wrote a total of fifty columns for the newspaper. She said after her first year of writing: 'I'm a private person and never thought that I could express my feelings. But strangely enough, whenever I sat down to write this column, my inner most thoughts came to the fore.'[247] In March 2009, she met several readers who had submitted feedback on her weekly column.[248]
She continued to write sporadically for newspapers. In August 2012 she wrote a column published in The Times of India titled 'No woman in Mumbai feels safe any longer', discussing the murder of 25-year-old Pallavi Purkayastha,[249] whom she met while working on Don.[32] In the article, Chopra expressed her views about the safety of women in cities.[249] In a July 2014 article published in The Guardian, Chopra criticised female genital mutilation and child marriage.[250] Later that year, Chopra wrote an op-ed for The New York Times titled 'What Jane Austen Knew' about the importance of education for girls. She praised and quoted Nobel Peace Prize winners Malala Yousafzai and Kailash Satyarthi, and described how her desire to help others was triggered when, at just nine years old, she joined her parents while they volunteered their spare time to offer modern health care to the rural poor.[251] In late 2014, Chopra began writing a monthly column, 'Pret-a-Priyanka', for Elle. In an article published in January 2015, she expressed her views on diversity and being a global citizen.[252]
In June 2018, it was announced that Chopra will publish her memoir titled Unfinished, which is scheduled to be released in 2019 by Penguin Books in India, Ballantine Books in the United States and Michael Joseph in the United Kingdom.[253]
Personal life
Chopra and Jonas in Jodhpur in 2018
Chopra has maintained a strong relationship with her family, including her younger brother, Siddharth, and lives in an apartment on the same floor as her family.[4][254] She was especially close to her father, who died in June 2013;[255] in 2012, she got a tattoo reading 'Daddy's lil girl', in his handwriting.[32][256] Having not come from a film background, she describes herself as a self-made woman.[257] Her mother, a well-established gynaecologist in Bareilly, gave up her practice to support Chopra as she embarked upon a film career.[258][259]
A practicing Hindu, Chopra performs a puja every morning at a small shrine consisting of various murtis of Hindu deities in her home, which she even travels with.[260][261] Although she is known for her media-friendly attitude, Chopra is publicly reticent about her personal life.[32] She had signed on to play one of the leading ladies in Bharat, but opted out days before filming her scenes. Nikhil Namit, a producer of the film, said that she quit due to her engagement to Nick Jonas and accused her of being 'a little unprofessional'.[262] Chopra and Jonas became engaged in August 2018 in a Punjabi Roka ceremony in Mumbai.[263] In December 2018, the couple married at Umaid Bhawan Palace, Jodhpur in traditional Hindu and Christian ceremonies.[264][265]
In the media
Analysing Chopra's career highlights, Bollywood Hungama noted: 'Despite a career that has seen a constant flip-flop [...] the performer in her has seen a constant growth with every passing year.'[50] After playing strong characters in a series of films, she gained recognition for portraying a range of unconventional roles, leading CNN-IBN to describe her 'as one of the most powerful actresses in the current lot and someone who doesn't shy away from experimenting with roles within the realms of popular cinema'.[266][267]The Times of India called her a 'game changer' for changing 'the age-old demarcation between a hero and heroine'.[268] In 2012, film critic Subhash K. Jha labelled her 'the best actress in the post-Sridevi generation' and listed her character in Barfi! as being 'one of the finest inwardly ravaged characters in Bollywood.'[269] Chopra has often featured on Rediff.com's annual listing of 'Bollywood's Best Actresses', and was featured in their list of 'Top 10 Actresses of 2000–2010'.[89][270]
Chopra at a press conference after being honoured with the Padma Shri in 2016
Chopra is one of the highest-paid and high-profile celebrities in India.[4][271][272] She is described as a sex symbol and a style icon.[273] Her figure, eyes, lips and exotic looks have been cited by the media as her distinctive physical features.[274][275][276] Designers Falguni and Shane Peacock wrote, 'She is comfortable in her own skin and looks ravishing in whatever she wears, be it a bikini, short or long dress or even a sari.'[277] She ranks high on lists of the most beautiful, influential, powerful, and attractive celebrities in the World. In 2006, 2012, 2014 and 2015, the UK magazine Eastern Eye ranked her first on their 'World's Sexiest Asian Women' list,[278][279] and she was featured on Verve's list of most powerful women in 2009 and 2010.[280][281] She was named 'India's Best-Dressed Woman of the Year' by People in 2011, and Maxim selected her thrice (2011, 2013 and 2016) as 'Hottest Girl of the Year'.[5] In 2015, People featured her as one of the 'Most Intriguing People of the Year'.[282] In 2016, Time named her one of the '100 Most Influential People in the World' and also featured on the cover of the issue.[283] The same year, she was ranked fourth on AskMen's Top 99 Women and Forbes named her the world's eight-highest-paid TV actress.[284][271] In 2017, Buzznet named her World's second 'Most Beautiful Women', after Beyonce.[285] The same year, Chopra was named one of People magazine's Most Beautiful Women in the World.[286] In 2017, Variety honoured her with the Power of Women award for her philanthropic work with UNICEF, and Forbes listed her among the World's 100 Most Powerful Women in 2017 and 2018.[287][288][289][290] In 2018, Chopra was named one of the 500 most influential business leaders by Variety and the market research firm YouGov named her the world's twelfth most admired woman.[291][292]
Chopra was ranked second in the list of brand ambassadors of 2008 (only after Shah Rukh Khan) in a survey conducted by TAM AdEx.[293] The following year, she topped their list, becoming the first woman to in India to do so.[51][294] Chopra has represented many brands, including TAG Heuer, Pepsi, Nokia, Garnier and Nestlé; she was the first female representative of Hero Honda.[51][295] She and three other Bollywood actors (Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol and Hrithik Roshan) had their likenesses made into a series of miniature dolls for Hasbro and the UK-based Bollywood Legends Corporation.[296] In 2009, Chopra became the first Indian actress to cast a foot impression at the Salvatore Ferragamo Museum in Florence, Italy, and she received custom-designed shoes from the Ferragamo house.[4] In 2013, she became the first Indian model to represent Guess, whose CEO Paul Marciano called her 'the young Sophia Loren'.[297] The actress became the first Indian actress to feature in a school textbook. Her life is described in a chapter of Roving Families, Shifting Homes, a book taught at Springdales School. The book also includes pictures of her family and the moment she was crowned Miss World in 2000.[298] Biography of the actress named Priyanka Chopra: The Incredible Story of a Global Bollywood Star written by the journalist Aseem Chhabra, was released in 2018.[299]
Chopra is known in the Indian media and film industry for her professionalism[300] and is often referred to as 'Piggy Chops', a nickname given her by co-stars on the set of Bluffmaster! in 2005.[301] She is popularly referred to by the media and the film industry as 'PeeCee' or 'PC'.[302][303] Chopra has had a Twitter account since January 2009, and is one of the most followed Indian actresses on the platform.[51] In 2012, she was declared the most influential Indian on the social-media circuit in a survey conducted by Pinstorm and in 2015, Chopra appeared in HuffPost's '100 Most Influential Women on Twitter' list, in which she was ranked first among Indians.[304][305]
Accolades
Chopra has won a National Film Award for Best Actress for Fashion (2008)[80] and five Filmfare Awards: Best Female Debut for Andaaz (2003), Best Performance in a Negative Role for Aitraaz (2004), Best Actress for Fashion[49] (2008), Critics Award for Best Actress for 7 Khoon Maaf (2011), and Best Supporting Actress for Bajirao Mastani (2015).[152] She has also won two People's Choice Awards: 'Favourite Actress In A New TV Series', and 'Favorite Dramatic TV Actress' for Quantico.[145][146] She is the first South Asian actress to win a People's Choice Award.[145] In 2016, she was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, by the Government of India for her contribution to arts.[306]
Footnotes
- ^At the time, the second place contestant of Femina Miss India was given the title 'Miss India World' and sent to the Miss World competition, whereas the first place contestant was sent to Miss Universe, and third place to Miss Asia Pacific International.[35][36]
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What had they done wrong? My parents tried to explain as best they could the stigma that surrounded and still surrounds girls in our country. How do you explain that to a 9-year-old? What I took away from the discussion was that the parents we met believed that their sons were better than their daughters. It rankled. I couldn't understand why, but from that moment, I vowed to help those girls as much as I could.
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External links
- Official website
- Priyanka Chopra on IMDb
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priyanka_Chopra&oldid=900860933'
(Redirected from Navratri)
Navaratri | |
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Navratri celebrates either Durga or Rama victory over an evil demon, depending on the region[1] | |
Also called | Navratri, Nauratri, Navarathri, Navratam, or Nauratam |
Observed by | Hindus, Jains and Sikhs |
Celebrations | 9 days |
Observances | stage setting, prayers, plays, image immersion or bonfire |
Begins | Ashvin Shukla Prathama |
Ends | Ashvin Shukla Navami |
2018 date | 10 Oct, Wed – 18 Oct, Thu (Vijayadashami: 19 Oct, Fri) |
2019 date | 29 Sep, Sun - 8 Oct, Tue [2] (Vijayadashami: 8 Oct, Tue) |
Frequency | Biannual |
Related to | Dussehra |
Part of a series on |
Shaktism |
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Part of a series on |
Hinduism |
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Navaratri, also spelled Navratri, Nauratri, Navarathri, Navratam, or Nauratam, is a nine nights (and ten days) Hindu festival, celebrated in the autumn every year. It is observed for different reasons and celebrated differently in various parts of the Indian subcontinent.[3][1] Theoretically, there are four seasonal Navaratri. However, in practice, it is the post-monsoon autumn festival called Sharada Navaratri that is the most observed in the honor of the divine feminine Devi (Durga). The festival is celebrated in the bright half of the Hindu calendar month Ashvin, which typically falls in the Gregorian months of September and October.[3][4]
In the eastern and northeastern states of India, the Durga Puja is synonymous with Navaratri, wherein goddess Durga battles and emerges victorious over the buffalo demon to help restore Dharma. In the northern and western states, the festival is synonymous with 'Rama Lila' and Dussehra that celebrates the battle and victory of god Rama over the demon king Ravana.[1] In southern states, the victory of different goddesses, of Rama or Saraswati is celebrated. In all cases, the common theme is the battle and victory of Good over Evil based on a regionally famous epic or legend such as the Ramayana or the Devi Mahatmya.[3][4]
Celebrations include stage decorations, recital of the legend, enacting of the story, and chanting of the scriptures of Hinduism. The nine days are also a major crop season cultural event, such as competitive design and staging of pandals, a family visit to these pandals and the public celebration of classical and folk dances of Hindu culture.[5][6][7] On the final day, called the Vijayadashami or Dussehra, the statues are either immersed in a water body such as river and ocean, or alternatively the statue symbolizing the evil is burnt with fireworks marking evil's destruction. The festival also starts the preparation for one of the most important and widely celebrated holidays, Diwali, the festival of lights, which is celebrated twenty days after the Vijayadashami or Dussehra.[8][9][1]
- 3Significance of Each Day
- 4Regional Practices
- 10References
Etymology & Nomenclature[edit]
The word Navaratri means 'nine nights' in Sanskrit, nava meaning nine and ratri meaning nights.[4]
Dates & Celebrations[edit]
In Northern, Central and Western states of India, the Ramalila play is enacted during Navaratri by rural artists (above).
Navaratri festival is an occasion of classical and folk dance performances at Hindu temples. In picture the Ambaji Temple of Gujarat.
According to some Hindu texts such as the Shakta and Vaishnava Puranas, Navaratri theoretically falls twice or four times a year. Of these, the Sharada Navaratri near autumn equinox (September-October) is the most celebrated and the Vasanta Navaratri near spring equinox (March-April) is next most significant to the culture of Indian subcontinent. In all cases, Navaratri falls in the bright half of the Hindu luni-solar months. The celebrations vary by region, leaving much to the creativity and preferences of the Hindu.[4][10][11]
- Sharada Navaratri: the most celebrated of the four Navaratri, named after sharada which means autumn. It is observed the lunar month of Ashvin (post-monsoon, September–October). In many regions, the festival falls after autumn harvest, and in others during harvest.
- Vasanta Navaratri: the second most celebrated, named after vasanta which means spring. It is observed the lunar month of Chaitra (post-winter, March–April). In many regions the festival falls after spring harvest, and in others during harvest.[where?]
The other two Navratris are observed regionally or by individuals:[12]
- Magha Navaratri: in Magha (January–February), winter season. The fifth day of this festival is often independently observed as Vasant Panchami or Basant Panchami, the official start of spring in the Hindu tradition wherein goddess Saraswati is revered through arts, music, writing, kite flying. In some regions, the Hindu god of love, Kama is revered.[13][14]
- Ashada Navaratri: in Ashadha (June–July), start of the monsoon season.
The Sharada Navaratri commences on the first day (pratipada) of the bright fortnight of the lunar month of Ashvini. The festival is celebrated for nine nights once every year during this month, which typically falls in the Gregorian months of September and October. The exact dates of the festival are determined according to the Hindu luni-solar calendar, and sometimes the festival may be held for a day more or a day less depending on the adjustments for sun and moon movements and the leap year.[3][10][5]
The festivities extend beyond goddess Durga and god Rama. Various other goddesses such as Saraswati and Lakshmi, gods such as Ganesha, Kartikeya, Shiva and Krishna are regionally revered. For example, a notable pan-Hindu tradition during Navaratri is the adoration of Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of knowledge, learning, music, and arts through Ayudha Puja.[15] On this day, which typically falls on the ninth day of Navaratri after the Good has won over Evil through Durga or Rama, peace and knowledge is celebrated. Warriors thank, decorate and worship their weapons, offering prayers to Saraswati.[16] Musicians upkeep their musical instruments, play and pray to them. Farmers, carpenters, smiths, pottery makers, shopkeepers and all sorts of tradespeople similarly decorate and worship their equipment, machinery, and tools of trade. Students visit their teachers, express respect and seek their blessings.[15][17] This tradition is particularly strong in South India, but is observed elsewhere too.[17]
Significance of Each Day[edit]
The festival is associated to the prominent battle that took place between Durga and demon Mahishasura and celebrates the victory of Good over Evil.[18] These nine days are solely dedicated to Goddess Durga and her nine Avatars.[19] Each day is associated to an incarnation of the goddess:[20][18][21][22]
Day 1: Shailaputri[edit]
Known as Pratipada, this day is associated to Shailaputri (literally 'Daughter of Mountain'), an incarnation of Parvati. It is in this form that the Goddess is worshiped as the consort of Shiva; she is depicted as riding the bull, Nandi, with a trishula in her right hand and lotus in her left. Shailaputri is considered to be the direct incarnation of Mahakali. The color of the day is red, which depicts action and vigor.
Day 2: Brahmacharini[edit]
On Dwitiya, Goddess Brahmacharini, another incarnation of Parvati, is worshiped. In this form, Parvati became Sati, her unmarried self. Brahmacharini is worshiped for emancipation or moksha and endowment of peace and prosperity. Depicted as walking bare feet and holding a japamala and kamandal in her hands, she symbolizes bliss and calm. The peacock blue is the colour code of this particular day. Blue colour depicts tranquility yet strong energy.
Day 3: Chandraghanta[edit]
Tritiya commemorates the worship of Chandraghanta - the name derived from the fact that after marrying Shiva, Parvati adorned her forehead with half-chandra (lit. moon). She is the embodiment of beauty and is also symbolic of bravery. Yellow is the colour of the third day, which is a vivacious colour and can pep up everyone's mood.
Day 4: Kushmanda[edit]
Goddess Kushmanda is worshiped on Chaturthi. Believed to be the creative power of universe, Kushmanda associated to the endowment of vegetation on earth and hence, the color of the day is Green. She is depicted as having eight arms and sits on a Tiger.
Day 5: Skandmata[edit]
Skandamata, the goddess worshiped on Panchami, is the mother of Skanda (or Kartikeya). The color Grey is symbolic of the transforming strength of a mother when her child is confronted with danger. She is depicted riding a ferocious lion, having four arms and holding her baby.
Day 6: Katyayani[edit]
Born to a sage, Katyayana, she is an incarnation of Durga and is shown to exhibit courage which is symbolized by the color Orange. Known as the warrior goddess, she is considered one of the most violent forms of Goddess Parvati. In this avatar, Kātyāyanī rides a lion and has four hands.
Day 7: Kalaratri[edit]
Considered the most ferocious form of Goddess Durga, Kalaratri is revered on Saptami. It is believed that Parvati removed her fair skin to kill the demons Sumbha and Nisumbha. The color of the day is White. On Saptami, the Goddess appears in a white colour attire with a lot of rage in her fiery eyes, her skin turns black. The white colour portrays prayer and peace, and ensures the devotees that the Goddess will protect them from harm.
Day 8: Mahagauri[edit]
Mahagauri symbolizes intelligence and peace. The color associated to this day is Pink which depicts optimism.
Day 9: Sidhidatri[edit]
On the last day of the festival also known as Navami, people pray to Siddhidhatri. Sitting on a lotus, she is believed to possess and bestows all type of Siddhis. Here she has four hands. Also known as Saraswati Devi. The light blue colour of the day portrays an admiration towards nature's beauty.
Regional Practices[edit]
Navaratri is celebrated in different ways throughout India.[23] Some fast, others feast. Some revere the same Mother Goddess but different aspects of her, while others revere avatars of Vishnu, particularly of Rama.[10] The Chaitra Navaratri culminates in Rama Navami on the ninth day,[24] and the Sharada Navaratri culminates in Durga Puja and Dussehra.[10]
The Rama Navami remembers the birth of Rama, preceded by nine days of Ramayana recital particularly among the Vaishnava temples.[24] In the past, Shakta Hindus used to recite Durga's legends during the Chaitra Navaratri, but this practice around the spring equinox has been declining. For most contemporary Hindus, it is the Navaratri around the autumn equinox that is the major festival and the one observed. To Bengali Hindus and to Shakta Hindus outside of eastern and northeastern states of India, the term Navaratri implies Durga Puja in the warrior goddess aspect of Devi. In other traditions of Hinduism, the term Navaratri implies something else or the celebration of Hindu goddess but in her more peaceful forms such as Saraswati – the Hindu goddess of knowledge, learning, music, and other arts.[10][23] In Nepal, Navaratri is called Dasain, and is a major annual homecoming and family event that celebrates the bonds between elders and youngsters with Tika Puja, as well as across family and community members.[24]
Eastern India, West Bengal & Nepal[edit]
The Navaratri is celebrated as the Durga Puja festival in West Bengal. It is the most important annual festival to Bengali Hindus and a major social and public event in eastern and northeastern states of India, where it dominates the religious life.[25][26] The occasion is celebrated with thousands[27] of temporary stages called pandals are built in community squares, roadside shrines and large Durga temples in West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, eastern Nepal, Assam, Tripura and nearby regions. It is also observed by some Shakta Hindus as a private, home-based festival.[26][28][29] Durga Puja festival marks the battle of goddess Durga with the shape-shifting, deceptive and powerful buffalo demon Mahishasura, and her emerging victorious.[30][31]
The last five days of Navratri mark the popular practices during Durga Puja. The festival begins with Mahalaya, a day where Shakta Hindus remember the loved ones who have died, as well the advent of the warrior goddess Durga.[32][33] The next most significant day of Durga Puja celebrations is the sixth day, called Shashthi where the local community welcomes the goddess Durga Devi and festive celebrations are inaugurated. On the seventh day (Saptami), eighth (Ashtami) and ninth (Navami), Durga along with Lakshmi, Saraswati, Ganesha, and Kartikeya are revered and these days mark the main Puja (worship) with recitation of the scriptures, the legends of Durga in Devi Mahatmya and social visits by families to elaborately decorated and lighted up temples and pandals (theatre like stages).[34][35][36] After the nine nights, on the tenth day called Vijayadashami, a great procession is held where the clay statues are ceremoniously walked to a river or ocean coast for a solemn goodbye to Durga. Many mark their faces with vermilion (sindooram) or dress in something red. It is an emotional day for some devotees, and the congregation sings emotional goodbye songs.[37][38] After the procession, Hindus distribute sweets and gifts, visit their friends and family members.[39]
North India[edit]
An 1834 sketch by James Prinsep showing Rama Leela Mela during Navaratri in Benares.
In North India, Navaratri is marked by the numerous Ramlila events, where episodes from the story of Rama and Ravana are enacted by teams of artists in rural and urban centers, inside temples or in temporarily constructed stages. This Hindu tradition of festive performance arts was inscribed by UNESCO as one of the 'Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity' in 2008.[40] The festivities, states UNESCO, include songs, narration, recital and dialogue based on the Hindu text Ramacharitmanas by Tulsidas. It is particularly notable in historically important Hindu cities of Ayodhya, Varanasi, Vrindavan, Almora, Satna and Madhubani – cities in Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.[40]
The festival and dramatic enactment of the virtues versus vices filled story is organized by communities in hundreds of small villages and towns, attracting a mix of audience from different social, gender and economic backgrounds. In many parts, the audience and villagers join in and participate spontaneously, some helping the artists, others helping with stage set up, create make-up, effigies and lights.[40]
The most famous Navaratri festival is organized at Katra in Jammu Province. It is an annual event promoted by Directorate of Tourism, Jammu and Shri Mata Vaishno Deviji Shrine Board. Hundreds of thousands of devotees pay their attendance at Katra for the festival.
Navaratri has historically been a prominent ritual festival for kings and military of a kingdom.[1] At the end of the Navratri, comes Dussehra, where the effigies of Ravana, Kumbhakarna, and Meghanada are burnt to celebrate the victory of good (Rama) over evil forces on Vijayadashami.[41]
Navratri is also a festival for feasting with friends and family.
Elsewhere, during this religious observance, goddess Durga's war against deception and evil is remembered. A pot is installed (ghatasthapana) at a sanctified place at home. A lamp is kept lit in the pot for nine days. The pot symbolises the universe. The uninterrupted lit lamp symbolizes the Adishakti, i.e. Durga Devi.[42]
Bihar[edit]
In parts of Bihar, goddess Durga is revered during the autumn Navaratri. In other parts, such near Sitamarhi close to Nepal border, the spring Navratri attracts a large Ramanavami fair which marks the birth of Lord Rama as well as a reverence for his wife Sita who legends place was born at Sitamarhi. It is the largest cattle trading fair, and attracts a large handicrafts market in pottery, kitchen and houseware, as well as traditional clothing. Festive performance arts and celebrations are held at the local Hindu temple dedicated to Sita, Hanuman, Durga, and Ganesha.[43][44]
Gujarat[edit]
Navaratri festival in Gujarat is one of the main festivals. The traditional method includes fasting for a day, or partially each of the nine days such as by not eating grains or just taking liquid foods, in remembrance of one of nine aspects of Shakti goddess. The prayers are dedicated to a symbolic clay pot called garbo, as a remembrance of womb of the family and universe. The clay pot is lit, and this is believed to represent the one Atman (soul, self).[45][46]
Garba dancing is a Navaratri tradition in Gujarat.
In Gujarat and nearby Hindu communities such as in Malwa, the garbo significance is celebrated through performance arts on all nine days.[45][46] The most visible is group dances from villages to towns called Garba accompanied by live orchestra, seasonal raga or devotional songs. It is a folk dance, where people of different background and skills join and form concentric circles. The circles can grow or shrink, reaching sizes of 100s, sometimes 1000s of people, dancing and clapping in circular moves, in their traditional costumes, at the same time. The garba dance sometimes deploys dandiyas (sticks), coordinated movements and striking of sticks between the dancers, and teasing between the genders.[47] Post dancing, the group and the audience socializes and feasts together.[45][46] Regionally, the same thematic celebration of community songs, music and dances on Navaratri is called garbi or garabi.[46]
Goa[edit]
Some regions produce and sell special Navaratri miniature golu dolls, such as of Krishna above.
In the temples of Goa, on the first day of the Hindu month of Ashwin, in temples (and some households), a copper pitcher is installed surrounded by clay in which nine varieties of food grains are placed inside the sanctum sanctorum of Devi and Krishna temples. The nine nights are celebrated by presenting devotional songs, and through religious discourses. Artists arrive to perform folk musical instruments. Celebrations include placing the goddess image in a specially-decorated colourful silver swing, known as Makhar in Konkani language and for each of the nine nights, she is swung to the tune of temple music (called as ranavadya) and devotees singing kirtan and waving lamps. This is locally called Makharotsav.[48][49]
The last night of the Goa Navaratri festival is a major celebration and attracts larger participation. It is locally called the makhar arati..[50]
Karnataka[edit]
Navaratri decorations at Kudroli Hindu temple, Karnataka
In Karnataka, Navaratri is observed by lighting up Hindu temples, cultural sites, and my regal processions. It is locally called Dasara and it is the state festival (Nadahabba) of Karnataka. Of the many celebrations, the Mysuru Dasara is a major one and is popular for its festivities.[51]
The contemporary Dasara festivities at Mysore are credited to the efforts of King Raja Wodeyar I in 1610. On the ninth day of Dasara, called Mahanavami,[52] the royal sword is worshipped and is taken on a procession of decorated elephants and horses. The day after Navratri, on the Vijayadashami day, the traditional Dasara procession is held on the streets of Mysore. An image of the Goddess Chamundeshwari is placed on a golden saddle (hauda) on the back of a decorated elephant and taken on a procession, accompanied by tableaux, dance groups, music bands, decorated elephants, horses and camels.[53]
Ayudha Puja is dedicated to Saraswati goddess, on the ninth day of Dasara, where military personnel upkeep their weapons and families upkeep their tools of livelihood, both offering a prayer to Saraswati as well as Parvati and Lakshmi.[15][54] Another Navaratri tradition in Karnataka has been decorating a part of one's home with art dolls called Gombe or Bombe, similar to Golu dolls of Tamil Nadu. An art-themed Gaarudi Gombe, featuring folk dances which incorporate these dolls, is also a part of the celebration.[55]
Kerala[edit]
A family preparing for Saraswati puja on Navaratri.
In Kerala and in some parts of Karnataka three days: Ashtami, Navami, and Vijaya Dashami of Sharada Navarathri are celebrated as Sarasvati Puja in which books are worshiped. The books are placed for Puja on the Ashtami day in own houses, traditional nursery schools, or in temples. On Vijaya Dashami day, the books are ceremoniously taken out for reading and writing after worshiping Sarasvati. Vijaya Dashami day is considered auspicious for initiating the children into writing and reading, which is called Vidyāraṃbhaṃ.[56]
![Aleyum Vivacious Girl (solar Mix) Aleyum Vivacious Girl (solar Mix)](/uploads/1/2/5/0/125063801/329746756.jpg)
The Vidyarambham day tradition starts with the baby or child sitting on the lap of an elderly person such as the grandfather, near images of Saraswati and Ganesha. The elder writes a letter and the child writes the same with his or her index finger. This Hindu tradition is so popular that Christian organizations have copied it and ritually observe it inside many churches.[57] However, Navratri traditions of Hindus is not the only tradition observed by Kerala Christians, many other Hindu ritual traditions are celebrated in Churches.[58]
Maharashtra[edit]
Traditionally dressed for Navaratri festival celebrations
The Navaratri celebrations vary across Maharashtra and the specific rites differ between regions even if they are called the same and dedicated to the same deity. The most common celebration begins on the first day of Navaratri with Ghatasthapana (sthapana of a ghat), which literally means 'mounting of a jar'. On this day, rural households mount a copper or brass jar, filled with water, upon a small heap of rice kept on a wooden stool (pat).[59] Additionally, with the jar, is typically placed other agriculture symbols such as turmeric root, leaves of mango tree, coconut and major staple grains (usually eight varieties). A lamp is lighted symbolizing knowledge and household prosperity, and kept alight through the nine nights of Navaratri.[60]
The family worships the pot for nine days by offering rituals and a garland of flowers, leaves, fruits, dry-fruits, etc. with a naivedya, and water is offered in order to get the seeds sprouted. Some families also celebrate Kaali pujan on days 1 and 2, Laxmi pujan on days 3, 4, 5 and Saraswati puja on days 6, 7, 8, 9 along with Ghatasthapana. On the eighth day, a 'Yajna' or 'Hom' is performed in the name of Goddess Durga. On ninth day, the Ghat puja is done and the Ghat is dissolved after taking off the sprouted leaves of the grains. In many families, a woman from Matang community is called and offered food and blessings are sought from her. She is considered as a form of the Goddess 'Matangi'.[citation needed]
The fifth day worship of goddess Lalita is unusually common in Maharashtra.[61] On the ninth day (Navami) of the festival, men participate in Ayudha Puja like the rest of India where all sorts of tools, weapons, vehicles and productive instruments are maintained, decorated, thanked and worshipped.[62]
Girls dressed up for music and dance performance, Amman Navarathiri
Tamil Nadu[edit]
Navaratri has been a historic tradition within Tamil Nadu, with Lakshmi, Saraswati and Durga goddesses the focus.[63] Like the rest of India, the festival has been an occasion for performance arts, particularly Hindu temple dances such as Bharatanatyam and Mohiniyattam. Major palaces, community centers, and historic temples have embedded dance halls. For example, the Padmanabhapuram Palace built about 1600 CE has had a large dance hall with intricately carved pillars, a structure entirely made of stone. This dance hall has traditionally been known as Navratri Mantapa.[64] The festivities begin with Vedic chants inaugurating the dances and other ceremonies. Other Tamil Hindu temples, such as those associated with Sri Vaishnavism, also celebrate the Navarathri festivities.[65]
A large sculpted dance hall inside Padmanabhapuram Palace near Kanyakumari is called Navarathri Mandapam. It features goddess Saraswati and large dance hall.
Another notable Tamil tradition is a celebration of the festival with Golu dolls (also spelled as Gollu). These include gods, goddesses, animals, birds and rural life all in a miniature design. People set up their own creative themes in their homes, called Kolu, friends and families invite each other to visit their homes to view Kolu displays, then exchange gifts and sweets.[66] This tradition is also found in other parts of South India such as Andhra Pradesh where it called Bommala Koluvu, and Karnataka where it is called Gombe Habba or Gombe totti.[63][67] Evidence of Gombe totti tradition as a Hindu celebration of the artisan arts goes back to at least the 14th-century Vijayanagara Empire.[68] In the evening of 'Vijayadasami', anyone doll from the 'Kolu' is symbolically put to sleep and the Kalasa is moved a bit towards North to mark the end of that year's Navaratri Kolu. The family offers a prayer of thanks, and wraps up the display.[citation needed]
In temples of Tamil Nadu, Navaratri is celebrated for Devi's dwelling in each temple. The temples are decorated, ceremonial lamps are lit, and Vedic chantings are performed. Popular Tamil Nadu temples celebrating Navaratri are Madurai Meenakshi Temple, Chennai Kapaleeswarar temple, Kulasekarapattinam Devi temple, Perambur Ellaiamman temple, Srirangam Ranganathan temple and 8th century Kumari Amman temple. Priests and visitors to some of these temples wear a special yellow colored 'promise of protection' thread on their wrists, called kappu (Tamil) or raksha bandhana (Sanskrit). It is believed to symbolize a vow to the goddess and protection from the goddess against evil.[69][70]
Telangana[edit]
A lamp above a Bathukamma flower arrangement, a Telugu Navaratri tradition.
In Telangana, Navaratri is celebrated as in the rest of India and it ends with Dasara. During the Navaratri nights, a notable Telangana tradition involves Telugu Hindu women who produce Bathukamma for Navratri goddesses. It is an artistic flower decorations driven event, particularly using marigolds, which revere three different aspects Devi, called Tridevi. In 2016, 9.292 women simultaneously participated to create a 20 feet high flower arrangements, one of the world's largest festive flower arrangement.[71][72]
First three days, the goddess Durga (Parvati) is revered. The next three days, the Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped. Over the last three days, locals revere the goddess of wisdom, Saraswati. In order to have all-round success in life, believers seek the blessings of all three aspects of the divine femininity, hence the nine nights of worship.[citation needed]
Like elsewhere in India, Ayudha Puja is observed by Telangana Hindus where weapons are maintained, decorated and worshipped. Tradesmen and farmers similarly clean up, decorate and worship their own equipment of trade.[15]
Animal Sacrifice[edit]
Animal sacrifice is a part of some Durga puja celebrations during the Navratri in eastern states of India. The goddess is offered sacrificial animal in this ritual in the belief that it stimulates her violent vengeance against the buffalo demon.[73] According to Christopher Fuller, the animal sacrifice practice is rare among Hindus during Navratri, or at other times, outside the Shaktism tradition found in the eastern Indian states of West Bengal, Odisha[74] and Assam. Further, even in these states, the festival season is one where significant animal sacrifices are observed.[73] In some Shakta Hindu communities, the slaying of buffalo demon and victory of Durga is observed with a symbolic sacrifice instead of animal sacrifice.[75][76][note 1]
The Rajput of Rajasthan worship their weapons and horses on Navratri, and formerly offered a sacrifice of a goat to a goddess revered as Kuldevi – a practice that continues in some places.[79][80] The ritual requires slaying of the animal with a single stroke. In the past this ritual was considered a rite of passage into manhood and readiness as a warrior.[81] The Kuldevi among these Rajput communities is a warrior-pativrata guardian goddess, with local legends tracing reverence for her during Rajput-Muslim wars.[82]
![Aleyum Vivacious Girl (solar Mix) Aleyum Vivacious Girl (solar Mix)](/uploads/1/2/5/0/125063801/455957626.jpg)
The tradition of animal sacrifice is being substituted with vegetarian offerings to the Goddess in temples and households around Banaras in Northern India.[83]
Outside India[edit]
The Hindu diaspora that migrated as indentured servants during colonial era to various plantations and mines around the world, as well as those who migrated on their own, continued to mark their Navaratri traditions. Tamil Hindus in Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, for example, built Hindu temples in southeast Asia in the 19th century, and Navratri has been one of their major traditional festivals.[84] In Trinidad and United Kingdom, Navratri and Diwali have been one of the most visible celebrations of the local Hindu communities from about mid 20th-century.[85][86]
Other Religions[edit]
Navaratri and goddess worship is mentioned in the historic Sikhism literature, particularly in the Dasam Granth traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. According to Louis Fenech, the Sikhs have historically mirrored the reverence for DeviShakthi and the worship of weapons in a manner similar to those by Shakta Hindus.[87][88] The second Guru of Sikhism, Guru Angad was an ardent devotee of goddess Durga.[89]
The Jains have observed the social and cultural celebrations of Navaratri with Hindus, such as the folk dances. The stavan poetry of Jainism, states M. Whitney Kelting, 'draw much of their imagery from the garba poems' of Hinduism.[90]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^In these cases, Shaktism devotees consider animal sacrifice distasteful, practice alternate means of expressing devotion while respecting the views of others in their tradition.[77] A statue of asura demon made of flour, or equivalent, is immolated and smeared with vermilion to remember the blood that had necessarily been spilled during the war.[75][76] Other substitutes include a vegetal or sweet dish considered equivalent to the animal.[78]
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